Chapter 3- Cell Structure

Outline & Notes

Section 2: Cell Features (pg. 55)

The Cell Theory

The observations of Schleiden, __________, and ____________form the cell theory.

The Cell Theory has three parts:

All living things ___________________________________.

Cells are the basic __________________________________

___________________________________________________.

All cells arise _____________________________________.

Cell Size

Small cells function ___________________ than large cells.

If a cell’s surface area–to-volume ratio is too low, substances cannot _______________ the cell well enough to meet the cell’s needs.

Summary

Ch. 3 Section 2: Cell Features (pg. 56-57)

Common Cell Features

Cells share common structural features, including:

an outer boundary called the ________________________,

cell interior substance called ________________________,

structural support suspended in a system of microscopic fibers called the ________________________________,

Ribosomes are the cellular structures that make proteins,

All cells also have DNA, which _______________________

__________________, regulates cellular activities, and ________________________________________________.

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are ________________ organisms that lack a ____________ and other ________________________.

The familiar prokaryotes that cause infection and cause food to spoil belong to the subset of all prokaryotes that is commonly called _______________________.

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes can exist in a broad range

of ___________________________.

In prokaryotes, the genetic material is a

____________, circular molecule of ______.

Prokaryotic cells have a _____________ surrounding the cell membrane that provides _______________________.

Many prokaryotes have cilia or flagella, which are long, _______________ structures that protrude from the cell’s surface and enable _____________________.

Summary

Ch. 3 Section 2: Cell Features (pg. 58)

Eukaryotic Cells

A eukaryote is an organism whose cells have a ________.

A nucleus is an internal compartment that houses the cell’s ________________.

Other internal compartments, or ______________, enable eukaryotic cells to function in ways different from prokaryotes.

An organelle is a structure that carries out _____________

______________________________________________.

LABEL the major organelles in an animal cell shown in Figure 7.

Summary

Ch. 3 Section 2: Cell Structure (pg.59)

The Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton provides the interior _______________ of an animal cell.

The cytoskeleton is composed of an ____________________

____________________ anchored to the inside of the plasma membrane.

By linking one region to another, they _________________ of the cell, much as _____________ anchor the sides of a building to one another.

There are three different kinds of cytoskeletal fibers.

Microfilaments: long __________________________ made of the protein ________________________.

Microtubules: hollow ____________________ made of the protein _______________.

Intermediate fibers: thick ____________ made of protein.

LABEL the major parts of the cytoskeleton shown in Figure 9.

Summary

Ch. 3 Section 3: Cell Structure (pg. 62-63)

The Nucleus

Most functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the cell’s __________________.

The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear ________________.

Scattered over the surface of the nuclear envelope are many small channels called nuclear __________________.

Ribosomes and the ER

Cells make proteins on ____________________.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER is an extensive system of internal _________________ that move proteins and other substances through the cell.

The part of the ER with attached ribosomes is called the __________ ER.

The rough ER helps _____________ proteins that are made by the attached ribosomes.

The portion of the ER that contains the completed protein pinches off to form a _______________.

A vesicle is a small, membrane-bound ___________ that transports substances in cells.

The smooth ER is called smooth because it _____________ _________________ and thus appears smooth when viewed.

Summary

Ch. 3 Section 3: Cell Structure (pg. 64-65)

Packaging and Distribution of Proteins

Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the _____________ from the ER to an organelle called the ____________ apparatus.

The Golgi apparatus is a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that serve as the ________________and _____________ center of the cell.

Below is the order in which proteins are processed:

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are organelles that harvest _____________ from organic compounds to make ATP.

ATP is the main energy ______________ of cells. Most ATP is made inside the mitochondria.

Summary

Ch. 3 Section 3: Cell Structure (pg. 65-66)

Mitochondria

Mitochondria have two membranes. The outer membrane is _____________. The inner membrane is greatly _____________, and has a large surface area.

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondria have their own __________.

Mitochondrial DNA is passed on directly by your mother. This means your mitochondrial DNA is identical to your mothers.

Structures of Plant Cells

Plants have three additional structures that are not found in animal cells: _______________________, the _________________ _________________, and the ____________ _____________.

Cell wall helps support and maintain the__________ of a cell, _____________ the cell from damage, and _____________ it with adjacent cells.

Chloroplasts are organelles that use _____________ energy to make ___________________ from carbon dioxide and water.

Central Vacuole is a large membrane-bound space that stores _____________, nutrients, and wastes.

Summary

Ch. 3 Section 2: Cell Structure (pg.60)

The Cell Membrane

The fluidity of cell membranes is caused by____________, which form the __________________________________.

The lipids form a barrier that ______________________ of the cell from the _________________________ of the cell.

This selective ____________________ of the cell membrane determines which substances __________________ the cell.

The Cell Membrane as a Barrier

The selective permeability of the cell is mainly caused by the way ____________________________________________.

A phospholipid is a lipid made of a ___________________ and two _____________________________________.

In a cell membrane, the phospholipids are arranged in a ________________________ called a lipid bilayer.

A phospholipid’s “head” is polar (Loves Water)

A phospholipid’s “tails” are non-polar (Hate Water)

Summary

Ch. 3 Section 2: Cell Structure (pg. 61)

Membrane Proteins

As shown in Figure 12, cell membranes contain different types of _____________________.

__________________ protein attaches to a carbohydrate on the cell’s surface ______________ cell type-such as a liver cell or a heart cell.

____________ proteins bind specific substances, such as ____________________, outside the cell.

Enzymes embedded in the cell membrane are involved in important _____________________________ in the cell.

____________________ proteins aid the _______________ of substance ____________and ______________ of the cell.

Summary

Cell Organelles and Functions

(Please check mark which type of cell has each structure)

Structure	Prokaryotes

(bacteria)	Eukaryotes	Function	Real-life Example
Animal	Plant
Cell membrane

Barrier; lets certain things in and out.	*US Border*
Cytoplasm

Filling of the cell.	* People in a town*
Cytoskeleton

Support	*Scaffolding*

Bricks and Lumber
Ribosomes

Where proteins are made	*Factory*
Nucleus

42
Holds DNA (info)	*Library*
Endoplasmic

Reticulum
Transports materials throughout the cell	*Subway System*

Vesicle

This sac transports things in/out to organelles. (Think of organelles like stores.)

*Airplane*

Can take packages outside of the cell.
Golgi Apparatus (body)

49
Packages and distributes proteins from inside and outside the cell

*UPS*

Post office
Lysosome

51
Contains digestive enzymes which get rid of waste & foreign bodies.

*Garbage Truck*
Mitochondria

55
Supplies power to the cell. This “power house” of the cell contains its own DNA.	*Power Plant*
Cillia

Feel & Sense things.

Moves substances across the cells surface. (reproduction).	*Radar*

Senses things
Flagella

Propels the cell.	*Propeller*

Cell wall

Made of cellulose. Gives the cell structure and support.	*Brick Wall*
Chloroplast

61

Contains pigment that helps convert light energy to glucose.

Site of photosynthesis	* Solar Panels*
Central Vacuole

63
Contains water, gives cells turgor pressure that helps plant stand upright.	*Water Tower*

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Biology Ch

Belton Schools

2008-10-06

Sheila Gilchrist

Belton School District #124